Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion

Unit 7 Medications for Psychosis and Schizophrenia Related Disorders 600W. APA. 4 references due 10-17-23.

Answer the following questions:

Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective?

Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics.

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Use as a guide please do not copy this information. Also please use the textbook

1. Which antipsychotics are considered first-generation and why are they used less often than second generation antipsychotics? Are second-generation antipsychotics more effective? First generation antipsychotics, also referred to as “typical antipsychotics” were developed in the 1950s. Commonly prescribed first-generation antipsychotics include: Loxitane (loxapine); Mellaril (thioridazine); Moban (molindone); Navane (thiothixene); Prolixin (fluphenazine); Serentil (mesoridazine); Stelazine (trifluoperazine); Trilafon (perphenazine); and Thorazine (chlorpromazine). These first-generation antipsychotics are used less often than second generation antipsychotics because these medications have a high risk of side effects and some of those side effects can be severe. Second-generation antipsychotics, also known as “atypical antipsychotics,” were developed in the 1980s. Second-generation antipsychotics have more metabolic symptoms, including obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Heldt, 2017; Stahl et al., 2021). Side effects from first-generation antipsychotics include extrapyramidal effects, such as tardive dyskinesia, rigidity, tremors, and seizures. There is no evidence that second generation antipsychotics are significantly more effective than first generation antipsychotics in the treatment of cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Stahl et al., 2021; Stroup, et al., 2003). 2. Compare and contrast the following conditions: Tardive Dyskinesia, Acute Dystonia, Athetosis, and Tics. Tardive dyskinesia is one of the symptoms of long-term use of a first -generation antipsychotic. It is a condition where there is constant or rhythmic involuntary movements that usually involves the muscles of the mouth. It can appear as lip smacking, chewing, excessive eye blinking, grimacing. These symptoms appear slowly over time. Tardive dyskinesia will not go away once the antipsychotic is stopped, it can become irreversible if present for too long. The risk of a patient developing tardive dyskinesia goes up with every year of continuous treatment. TD is specific to the use of antipsychotics (Heldt, 2017). Acute dystonia can develop within the first few hours of a patient receiving an antipsychotic. It is a sustained and painful involuntary contraction of a muscle group- usually involving the face or neck muscles. This is an easily reversible side effect and is managed with an anticholinergic drug such as Benadryl or Cogentin. This condition This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-16-2023 17:34:58 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/123197773/Discussion-7docx/ can resolve within a few minutes of proper medication and will not leave any long-term effects (Heldt, 2017). Athetosis is slow, involuntary, writhing movements of fingers, hands, toes and feet. Patients with this condition cannot maintain a stable or still position and when patients attempt to try to control the movements, symptoms can get worse. Athetosis is often a longterm symptom of continued use of first-generation antipsychotics (Holland, 2018). Tics are distinguished from EPS symptoms by the fact that tics are most commonly brief movements are able to be suppressed. Tics are sudden, rapid and repetitive movement (motor tics) or vocalizations (vocal tics). Those with tics feel the urge building up inside them before the tic appears, they these individuals report a feeling of relief after the tic is over. Although tics are involuntary, tics stop during sleep and patients can suppress the urge for short periods of time with effort (Martino, 2020). Heldt, J. P. (2017). Memorable psychopharmacology. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. Holland, K. (2018, July 18). What Is Athetosis? Healthline; Healthline Media. https://www.healthline.com/health/athetosis Martino, D. (2020). Update on the Treatment of Tics in Tourette Syndrome and Other Chronic Tic Disorders. Current Treatment Options in Neurology, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-020-0620-z Stahl, S., Muntner, N., & Grady, M. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and clinical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Stroup, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Byerly, M. J., Glick, I. D., Canive, J. M., McGee, M. F., Simpson, G. M., Stevens, M. C., & Lieberman, J. A. (2003). The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE)