I need replies for those word with 200 words each one.

1.The surrogate role, as defined by psychologist and nurse theorist Hildegard Peplau, refers to the nurse temporarily taking on the part of a significant other, such as a family member or friend, to help a patient cope with their illness or hospitalization. This role involves providing emotional support, fostering communication, and acting as a bridge between the patient and their healthcare team.

The surrogate role may be discussed in recent nursing practice literature, but it remains relevant in several ways. Firstly, the surrogate role enhances patient-centered care. As healthcare continues to shift towards a patient-centered approach, the nurse’s ability to act as a surrogate ensures that the patient’s emotional and psychosocial needs are met alongside their physical health needs. By empathetically understanding the patient’s experience and standing in as a proxy for their support system, nurses can facilitate a more holistic and individualized approach to care.

Secondly, the surrogate role is invaluable in improving patient outcomes. Multiple studies highlight the impact of psychosocial support on patients’ recovery, coping mechanisms, and overall well-being. One such study by Riegel et al. (2018) examined the effectiveness of surrogate nursing in improving patient outcomes for individuals with heart failure. The findings revealed that surrogate support patients had better coping skills, reduced depression and anxiety, and improved self-care behaviors.

Additionally, the surrogate role is particularly relevant when patients lack a support system or face difficulty expressing their needs. For instance, patients with cognitive impairments, language barriers, or limited social connections may benefit significantly from a nurse adopting the surrogate role. By establishing trust, providing emotional support, and advocating for the patient’s needs, nurses can bridge communication gaps, facilitate understanding, and ensure continuity of care.

While some may argue that advances in medical technology and a focus on evidence-based practice have overshadowed the importance of the surrogate role, it is crucial to acknowledge that holistic care encompasses emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. Nursing is not limited to physical interventions but involves building therapeutic relationships and meeting patients’ psychological and emotional needs. The surrogate role aligns with these principles and contributes to enhanced patient satisfaction, improved outcomes, and a more humanistic approach to care delivery.

In conclusion, although the surrogate role may receive less attention in recent nursing practice literature, it remains relevant and essential in contemporary nursing. Nurses can provide patient-centered care, improve patient outcomes, and bridge communication gaps by incorporating the surrogate role into their practice. The surrogate role is crucial in meeting patients’ emotional and psychosocial needs, particularly when they lack a support system or face communication barriers. Emphasizing the importance of the surrogate role enhances nursing practice and ensures a more holistic and comprehensive approach to patient care.

2.One of the most significant indicators of the quality of care that patients receive from healthcare facilities is patient experience in hospital settings. Patient experience determines the kind of perceived comfort and safety during hospital stays and the effectiveness of the care process until a patient is discharged. Since patients are mostly with the nurses, the role of nurses, therefore, comes into the picture, creating the need to examine specific roles as defined by nurse theorists of the past. In regard to nursing roles and with the aim of addressing the week’s learning outcomes, the discussion evaluates the historical background of Peplau’s interpersonal theory, describes the theory, and presents the domains of the theory by determining whether Peplau’s surrogate role is relevant in today’s nursing practice.

The theory of interpersonal relations defines specific roles of nurses to their patients, including being a stranger who should create a calm environment, a resource person, a leader, a teacher, a surrogate, and a counselor (Vogelsang, 2022). For the purpose of this discussion, the role of a surrogate, which defines nurses as advocates, shall be discussed. As advocates, Peplau documented that nurses should create environments that encourage the development of feelings of dependence, independence, and interdependence that normally exist between the patient and the individuals represented by the nurse (Petiprin, 2023). To do so, nurses thus have to familiarize themselves with the past experiences between the client and the essential other to be able to teach the client new reaction strategies.

The definition of the surrogate role, as suggested by Peplau, is still relevant in the nursing sector, even to date. Contemporary nursing is now characterized by challenges that mostly come from increased cases of chronic diseases as compared to the past. People are now more exposed to diseases due to increased exposure to harmful substances that trigger the onset and/or rapid progression of diseases. With such issues, it becomes essential for nurses to assume the roles of being friends, family members, or any other entity that is important to the client and act as their advocates at that time. Patients with chronic illnesses need constant attention so that one can be able to respond to their needs, and nurses have been excellent in that role.

Though Peplau developed the concept of nurses playing the role of surrogates a long time ago, the role is still relevant because the clause can apply in any clinical setup, provided a patient has needs and/or wants.